Transcript

Welcome to the course ‘Design Thinking for Agricultural Implements’. We have discussed all the 5 stages in the previous weeks. In this week I will discuss about prototyping in detail. We have discussed prototyping in the last week, which was the second last step in design thinking approach that we followed. In this laboratory we have certain kinds of machines and tools, those are used to tinker on. This is actually a Tinkering lab, which is part of Imagineering Lab in I.I.T,Kanpur. In this laboratory we have certain materials to develop low fidelity and high fidelity prototypes. And in between also we can have medium fidelity prototypes. Certain materials which are displayed on the desk right now.

So on this table I have just displayed a few common and important tools, which are used for developing the prototypes. We will focus more on the low fidelity prototypes, that is the first hand prototype and we will also try to portray hollow sketch, and from the sketch how do we bring the model from the paper to the physical model. We will discuss about certain agricultural implements which are used in post processing. So for low fidelity prototypes there are certain materials, those can be used. Some kinds of material. And here we have the joining section. These are all the materials which are used for joining, and these are the tools which are used for marking. And these are tools which are used for cutting. And these are the other hand tools, which can be used for cutting, joining and final finishing.

So regarding the materials, the first material I would like to discuss is a very common material; paper. This is an A/4 sheet. This is just a 75 GSM paper. This is very helpful in developing certain prototypes, low fidelity prototypes. So in the sense this can be formed into any shape. If I want to develop a very low strength pipe, I can just fold it and make a pipe of this size. I can just cut it into any shape and make a low fidelity component based upon this. Also if a little high strength is required, this is corrugated sheet. That we will definitely demonstrate in this laboratory session, that how do we develop the implements or the machinery using this corrugated sheet. We actually get the junctional shape as it was explained in the previous lecture. The junctional shape doesn’t have the full performance, it does not have the aesthetics. But it can give a feel, how your prototype would look like. So that junctional shape can be taken or developed by using this corrugated sheet.

This is balsa wood. This is balsa wood and this is balsa ply. So this is also very soft wood. This is soft wood. This can be transformed into powder to give some packaging. For instance, this is a file. This is known as file; okay! It can be transformed into powder form. So this powder form that can be used while mixing with some as if to work as packing in the material in the final prototype, or in the low fidelity prototype that we are developing to avoid leakage etc. So this is balsa wood; soft wood. You can see it has some flexibility in it as well. This is hardwood. Now comes styrene. The common name that we have in the market for this material, this is actually thermocole. But we call it as thermocole. This is also known as polish styrene. This is actually XPS. XPS is actually expanded polish styrene. And an upper version of this is extruded polish styrene. This is also polish styrene. But this is quite high strength material in comparison to what we have here in the common thermocole.

This is also known as HDF(High Density Foam). You know the difference between these two is that, if I cut this, there might be some roughness that we get here. But this is definitely a plastic material. If I press it, it transforms into the shape whatever I give him. And with this material at IIT Kanpur we are even developing the aircrafts. Aircrafts or as I said crop duster kind of aircrafts, and aircrafts for some inspection, the drones, many prototypes which require high tensile strength, those are developed using this material. And all these prototypes, the first thing we use is the tapes. I am coming to the joining part right now. There are certain kind of tapes here. When I said tape; tape is a very important component or very important material that we use when we develop the prototypes. These are the general tapes. This tape all of us know, is known as cellulose tape. This is a transparent tape. Whenever we need transparency, this tape can be very beneficial. For instance if I put the tape here, we can see what is written here. The color below this. All these things can be seen. This is known as cellulose tape. Other than this, we have, this is translucent tape. This is a plastic tape. This is generally used for masking. Masking is carried out when we need to paint something. When we need to do selective painting, then masking is taken there. Wherever we put the mask the paint doesn’t apply there.

I will just show you demonstration here. Other than this; this is also masking tape, but this is a paper tape. Paper tape means it is tearable by hand. You can tear this tape by hand, and also while applying this tape, we can put some notes here with simple pen or pencil. Using simple pen or pencil we can write something here. This tape might not allow to write. Okay but we can write the name, we can use this tape for marking. Also other than that these are known as sticky pads, those can also be used for marking. These are also used for marking or putting some tag on the material, this can also be used.

So two or three very important types of tapes I would like to discuss here, which many farmers might not know. One is this. This is known as DST(Double Sided Tape). This has two sides, on which adhesive bonding is there. On this side as well and on this side as well. This is also hand tearable. This is used for fixing some component over it. Like on this part, I put this tape and on this tape I put this component. It is held here. This is two sided tape. So to provide the adhesiveness on both the sides of the surfaces which we are trying to join, this kind of tape is used. Another kind of tape is this one. This is known as printed tape. This comes in printed tape, means it has many colors in it. It comes in blue, green, red. Whatever colors you want. So if you want to give different colors to the different components of your prototypes these kind of tapes are used.

This is a very uncommon tape. This is known as filament tape. It has filament in between. It has filament joined on it. So this filament provides strength. For instance if I said, we developed the aircraft using this. If it runs at very high speed maybe 50 kms per hour, 100 kms per hour. So we provide strength to it. High tensile strength while applying this tape here. When this tape is applied, now on this portion the strength is enhanced. So this is also commonly used. This is not very commonly used in agricultural implements but for providing strength to the material. The base material that we are using if that is not of high strength, this tape can provide strength on thatas well. Other than that we have the insulation tapes. These are electrical insulation tapes. These are also flexible tapes which can be stretched to some point. Okay, these are generally used for electrical insulation, wires or joints that we make. So these are certain kinds of tapes.

Other than tapes also we have patches. This is a double sided patch, rectangular shape. Like I tore this tape and put it here. Other than that I can just put this patch. I can take these two suppresses to stickers off and put it here. Similar to this we have this round patch; double sided round patch. Other than that like this is actually water activated tape. This is actually generally postal stamp. We put some water here, and this activates at that point. Because this is water activated, some water is applied. It activates and it can be used for fixing something.

Similar to this, that we don’t have here, we have tapes which are heat activated. Heat activated means you should apply some heat and it can be activated and those can be used for high strength. We don’t have heat activated tapes here, but we have hot tubes here. This is a hot tube, if you want to make some joining or insulate some joining. For instance if I put this here and this here. I want to insulate that. If I want to heat this using some hot gun. This will contract. And this will just attain the shape whatever it is applied on. These are known as hot steam tubes. So these were the tapes. So when I am talking about joining also we have adhesives. When I am talking about adhesives, there are certain kind of adhesives if I classify them into the major forms, we can talk about the craft adhesives, the wood adhesives and the super adhesives.

Craft adhesives means this is craft adhesives. This is just fixing some paper. It can be used for fixing paper here. Okay, this fevicol, this is one of the wood adhesives. And we have super adhesives, that can used for fixing maybe some metal part. These are for high strength. For craft wooden high or for craft wooden super the strength is increasing. These are the joining materials. Other than that, for high fidelity joining we have rivets. These are rivets. Now rivets are put in there and this side is hammered on. This can make the points to make the parts to join. And also we have screws, nuts, bolts and so on. This is all joining. Yes we have locked eye. This is locked eye. If you want to join some part, you can just lock it here. It doesn’t go back. It’s locked eye. Right, so locked eyes are also joining material.

So other than that we have marking and cutting material. When I say marking, marking can be done with pencil. Obviously pencil is a very common tool for marking. And when I say marking, we have to have some calibrated scale. We need steel rule. This is two feet steel rule. It has to be kept straight and we have to do some marking on the paper. Okay when I say, I am using some marking tool. One of the marking tool is actually pencil. When I am using with the help of some calibrated tool or some straight line, I am making some drawing. Since I am making two parallel lines here. Okay, the tri-square has to make a perpendicular. This is tri square. This has to make the perpendicular lines. Exactly perpendicular to this. This line is exactly perpendicular to this line. So when I don’t use these kinds of tools. If I just draw something while using pencil only. Free hand, that is known as sketching. I am  just sketching this. It is all with practice that one’s craftsmanship or sketching becomes better.

Similar to that we have this paper marker. That is also a marking tool. And on these metal parts we have these dividers. These are also markers. Different kinds of markers are also there. And for cutting in home, and for low fidelity we need to have the very basic tool, this is cutter. This is cutter. This is used to cut the different types of foams that we have. See if I cut this foam, the finish that I am having is excellent. Right, these are cutters. So other than cutters we have the combination plier. This is a plier. This is a combination plier. It is a combination of different operations that can be done with the help of this plier. This is known as nose plier, mostly used in electrical applications, where the reach is far. So these are tools. This is a screw driver flat tip. This is a screw driver with multi-functional tips here. It has flat tip. It has this spiked tip. It has crosshair tips and different sizes of flat tips. So these can be used here.

So if these tools are there. You can see that this tool has plastic back and metal front. Only this portion is hardened to very high intensity, because this has to bear high forces. Only this portion, this portion needs to be hardened. This is the main body. And this is insulated as well. For instance if we need to work on some electrical components or electrical wires, this insulation helps in that; so that the current doesn’t transfer to the human body. Similar to the hand tools, we have other hand tools, like this is a mallet. This is just used for putting some force. But for putting the nails in. For striking the nails in, this is the hammer. This is very common tool. And for cutting metal parts, we have this hand hacksaw. It has a tool attached on it. This tool is known as saw blade. So there are certain kinds of forms are there for the tool base. These are also kind of rivets, as I said rivets. These are also kind of rivets. We will put some nodes or some links in the description of this lecture to give you more information regarding the rivets and some other joining tools.

Similar to this. This is also a mallet. This is a wooden mallet. This is a polymer mallet. Yes this is emery paper. This is emery paper. This is used for finishing actually. For instance if I have developed this kind of surface. I need to finish this. Emery paper is used for finishing this. And this emery paper is also a tape. It has adhesive on the other side. Using this adhesive property, we have developed an emery tool here. This is a complete tool. Adhesive property of the tape is used here. This is a flat emery tool, that is  used for having the quicker action. The portion can be flattened. There are certain tools which are displayed here, but for the low fidelity prototype, I would just suggest to use these tools. A few tapes will be available, these paper tapes, insulation tape, okay this you might not require. Yes some adhesives are required. And pencil, scale; if not a big scale. You can use a small scale, and paper always has to be there obviously. Corrugated sheet, thermocole, and if you need to have some high strength material or high accuracy, high dimensional accuracy. High density form is very much used. So these are the general tools which we use in the tinkering lab most frequently, We have certain more advanced tools in this laboratory, but for the home purpose, for the use in the home. I would definitely recommend a few tools like, this is the paper tape. This is your insulation tape. You have certain adhesives, you can use a scale and a pencil for marking. And paper is required obviously. Right, and if not a small scale you canuse a big scale. This is available; and sharpner and rubber, corrugated sheet; we will use corrugated sheet, thermocole.

These are materials if you wish to have higher dimensional accuracy, this is the material that gives you a higher accuracy. This is high density foam. Also I would like to mention here that when we develop the prototypes. Prototypes can be subtractive and additive. Whatever we are discussing right now here is subtractive prototyping. But additive prototyping is, when you do not cut the material. Just keep on adding the material layer by layer. For those we have different machines like we have fuse deposition modeling, we have styro lithography apparatus, different kinds of machines are there. Different components we have developed using the additive technology. This is the shape of a boat. This is one of the valves that you develop. This is one of the, you can say slippers we have developed. These are just the prototypes for different other components than agricultural implements. Then this is a waste, this is a waterproof. This is actually developed using thermoplastic urythene. This is developed using the additive technology.

Yes for finishing or after finishing, we need to paint the components as well. For paints we can use simple brush and paint or we can use this as well. This is a spray paint. This is a quick kind of paint that we have. Also I like to show you that if we do some masking here. If I do some masking here, and put some paint here. And remove this mask. You can see the paint is only applied where the mask was not there. So this masking helps to do selective painting. So these are the general tools used for prototyping. In this week we will discuss about the prototyping. I will just now discuss certain types of prototypes, starting from the drafting. The draft that we will make on the paper. We will start from the low fidelity to the middle fidelity to the high fidelity prototype of a specific machine.

Thank You.