3 Diagnosis

Transcript

Dear Veterinarians, now we are going to start with the diagnosis of repeat breeding syndrome in cows.

Until yesterday’s class, we have seen various Definitions and the various Etiological factors causing repeat breeding syndrome, we will continue with that class. Now we are going to see the diagnosis of repeat breeding syndrome.

Diagnosis of repeat breeding syndrome based on the History, actually the owner will be bringing the animal to the fertility ward or gynecology ward for two reasons, one is my animal calved, it does not come to heat so far, till date it did not express any estrous signs, this is one history, the second history is my animal is repeatedly coming to heat, but not yet conceived, so our condition is the second point, i.e, my animal is repeatedly coming to heat, but not yet conceived, this is the clear History from the owner and owner also will tell from the history, it is coming to heat every 18 to 21 days and every time inseminated by the veterinarian and you have to ask the owner how long the animal is in estrous if it is prolonged estrous it indicates delayed ovulation. Prolonged estrous for 3-4 days, it may be anovulation, so we will discuss later how to Diagnose.

The second point is Clinical signs: Clinical signs, I told whenever you are examining the animal, it will have clear discharge and the animal is free from palpable abnormalities of the genital tract and everything will be normal while doing the rectal examination, but the animal failed to conceive.

The third is I told very important parameter is Endometritis, it is detected by very simple test-by White Side test. How to perform White Side tests? Very easy, you should have potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, you take this cervical mucus. How to take cervical mucus? In AI gun, how the sheath introduced the AI sheath, then introduced into the cervix, suck the cervical mucus or little forward you move suck the uterine fluid, take out the sheath, then collect the fluid in the test tube. An equal volume of 5% sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide will be added. and you heat it when the color changes into mild yellow there is mild endometritis. If the fluid is turbid, there is no endometritis. If the color changes to yellow like this (picture shown), it indicates sub-clinical endometritis.

Next is I told you know the fallopian tube obstruction or Ovaro-bursal adhesions, hydrosalpinx. So, such types of conditions may cause repeat breeding syndrome. To Diagnose we have to perform the PSP dye test. PSP dye test phenolsulfonphthalein dye is used, 0.1% solution is used, or Phenol red which is an indicator used in all chemistry labs of (+2) students. So, you can get the Phenol red very easily, then prepare a 0.1% solution. This test is to be conducted only at the time of diestrum. when it should be? Suppose today animal is coming after 7 or 8 days, ask the owner to bring the animal, prepare the phenolsulfonphthalein dye or Phenol red, 0.1%, filtrate then use the Foley catheter, keep it in the one side of the for one side of the uterine horn, inflate the balloon, then inject the dye. The dye will be passing from the uterine horn to the fallopian tube then it will be reaching the peritoneum, then it will be excreted through the urine. Before conducting the test, collect the urine, keep it as a control, then after half an hour of dyeing infusion, again collect the urine by using a urinary catheter, then you see the color change, add any alkali with this example Trisodium orthophosphate, you can add it, the color of the urine will be changing to a pink color or purple color, so the fallopian tube does not have any obstruction. If there is no change in the color, the color of the urine after the dye infusion is similar to that of the control, it indicates that the side of the fallopian tube is obstructed. The next side of the fallopian tube is to be tested in the next diestrum only, not in the next day. So how long the dye takes to travel through the fallopian tube indicates, the fallopian tube obstruction or patency, this is called the PSP dye test.

Next Endometrial cytology: This is another important thing, don’t fear about all these things, very, very easy. See, you can infuse saline into the uterus, then collect the saline after massaging the uterus, centrifuge the collected fluid and take the sediment and smear it on the glass slide and stain it with Hematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa stain, or Leishman stain. Then see for cells, if there are more number of neutrophils, it indicates leukocytic infiltration and endometritis very easily can be diagnosed.

Cervical mucus test: if you take that, you know as a veterinarian, it is the fern pattern, Typical fern pattern will be formed at the time of estrous, you collect the cervical mucus, smear it over the slide, and dry it under the sunlight then you see the fern pattern. The Atypical fern pattern will be seen in repeat breeder, so this is a classical thing, the fern pattern will be Atypical.

Next is a cervical mucus penetration test: Take the cervical mucus of repeat breeder animals, keep the quality semen, put the coverslip. If you examine under the microscope after a few minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes intervals, there will be more number of sperms that will be penetrating through the cervical mucus, which indicates the cervical mucus is normal, so the repeat breeder cow is not having any infection.

Suppose you can diagnose this sperm viability also if the cervical mucus is from a fertile cow, but here we are testing the female animal, so the female animal that too far repeat breeding. cervical mucus from the repeat breeding animal will not allow more sperms to penetrate, this is how you can diagnose.

Next, Ultrasonography: If you take the ultrasonography, ultrasound is useful to detect thickening of the endometrial layers, thickening of the uterus, then the tubal obstructions, hydrosalpinx, mucosal sphinx, all these things can be detected by ultrasonography. So, ultrasonography not only detects defective things, sometimes early pregnancy, an early embryo will be there, many veterans failed to diagnose, and they will inseminate that may cause embryonic mortality. So always it is better to use ultrasonography, recent equipment that can be used.

Next is an Endometrial Biopsy: Suppose if you want to confirm the presence of the inflammation in the uterus. All Percutaneous biopsy catheter is there, you could take the endometrial tissue then there only perimetrium gland fibrosis will be there, leukocytic infiltration can be diagnosed. This is the confirmative test to diagnose sub-clinical or clinical endometritis, which in turn causes the repeat breeding syndrome.

Dear Vets! we have seen so far, all the information about the diagnosis of repeat breeding syndrome in cows. We will stop here and will continue with the Treatment aspects of repeat breeding syndrome tomorrow.