5 Treatment of Bovine and Ovine Ketosis

Transcript

In lesson 4 we have seen the Clinical signs of Bovine and Ovine Ketosis, Clinical Pathology, How to Diagnose it in the serum and the urine, and the Differential Diagnosis of the Bovine Ketosis in both the Wasting and the Nervous form and also of the Ovine Ketosis.

In this class, we will see about the Treatment, Management, and Control of the Ketosis of both Ovine and Bovine Ketosis.

Treatment

Treatment of the Bovine Ketosis: so actually the animal should be treated in the early stage itself, in order to prevent the occurrence of the Nervous form the or the animal from becoming worse in condition, so it should be treated earlier.

It starts with the Replacement therapy so Replacement therapy can be done with 50% dextrose at the rate of 500 ml Intravenously.

Intraperitoneal injection can also be given at the rate of 20% dextrose can be given. Still, there is a chance of infection, so it is of lesser importance, this type of treatment is very rarely used. For Primary ketosis, an Intravenous injection of 100-500 ml of 50% of the glucose is given and it gives a marked clinical improvement, and the Hyperglycemic state will remain for 4-6 hours. so, this shows that there are subsequent treatments with this type of solution are essential.

Ketosis Secondary to the butyrate content of the silage can be corrected by modifying the diet or by eliminating or diluting the silage that is causing the increase in the butyrate level.

So, the second line of Treatment is by giving, the Oral Glucose Precursors so as such as : Propylene glycol and glycerin: so, propylene glycol can be given as a drench at the rate of 225 grams twice daily for two days and followed by 110 grams twice daily for two days and for Glycerol can also be given at the rate of 500 grams twice daily for 10 days.

But again so Other Glucose Precursors that can be used are: Sodium propionate 110-225 grams daily, ammonium lactate 200 grams for five days, and sodium lactate one gram per kg initially followed by 0.5 gram per kg for 7 days PO twice daily.

It can be used as a feed additive and an alternative glucose source. So, all these Glucose Precursors can be added to the feed as a feed additive. In the case of sheep; early treatment is essential because it’s important, it will result in the response will be good if the animals are treated at an early stage, as we all know the changes that are seen in the case of Ovine ketosis are not reversible, as in case of Bovine ketosis. So Treatment should be started at an early stage for better protection of the animal.

So 5-7 grams of Glucose Intravenously every 6-8 times, that is 6-8 times a day with 20 to 40 units of Zinc, Protamine insulin Intramuscular, every other day for 3 days can be given and Propylene glycol can be given at the rate of 110 gram per OS. Oral therapy includes 160 ml of a solution containing 45 grams of glucose every 4-8 hours along with 8.5 grams of sodium chloride and 6- 17 grams of glycine and electrolytes.

So this can be given orally in order to treat the Ovine ketosis and the best line of treatment if it is in the later stages of the gestation and if the animal is developing signs of Pregnancy Toxemia, the best way to treat is the removal of the fetus by cesarean section or bringing the termination of pregnancy in order to save the life of the dam.

Hormonal Therapy: this includes Glucocorticoid therapy, so 10 milligrams of Dexamethasone 21 Isonicotinate produces the Hyperglycemia state for 4-6 days, and Dexamethasone sodium phosphate can be given at the dose rate of 40 milligrams and Flumethasone can be given at the rate of 5 milligrams per kg body weight. These are short-acting glucocorticoids, this can be given in order to see to treat the ketosis, and Isoflupredone acetate can be given at the rate of 10 to 20 milligrams, one of the main disadvantages of giving this Isoflupredone is it will cause Hypokalemia in the treated animal. Both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid action will be seen because of the use the Isoflupredone. and

We can also use Anabolic steroids to Treat the Bovine ketosis, that is 60 milligrams and 120 milligrams of trenbolone acetate, Repeated treatment will cause profound Hypokalemia, the use of this glucocorticoid is to prolong the Hyperglycemic effect; one is by increasing the tissue uptake of glucose, and another one is it reduces the milk production for the next 2-3 days so thereby decreasing or it brings down the ketotic signs.

And another one is the use of Insulin: Insulin, lower doses of long-acting insulin that is 200 International units of proton zinc can be given once every 48 hours.

Ruminants are insulin resistant during early lactation which is why the patient goes for the lipolysis,

So Pancreatic secretion of insulin is also reduced so, insulin will assist in giving insulin. It will assist in suppressing the fatty acid mobilization and improve the tissue uptake of glucose while stimulating the hepatic glycolysis.

We can also go for Lipotrophic Agents: such as Choline can be given at the dose rate of 25-50 grams per day orally daily PO. Choline is a precursor of phosphatidylcholine which is required for phospholipid synthesis.

L-Methionine can also be given, it is also a precursor for phospholipid in the synthesis of apolipoprotein because the presence of apolipoprotein is more essential in order to export the very low-density lipoproteins(VLDL), so the triglycerides will be converted into very-low-density lipoproteins and this will be exported. But the ruminants have a very low capacity, inherently low capacity to export the very low-density lipoprotein, for this apolipoprotein is most essential. so L-Methionine can be given in order to export the very-low-density lipoproteins.

Miscellaneous Treatment: includes Cysteamine which is given at the rate of 750 milligrams Intravenous every 2-3 days. Amino acid lysine can also be given which also plays a major role in the apolipoprotein synthesis, as I told which will improve the VLDL secretion. and

Vitamin B12 as I told is an important cofactor for the coenzyme taking part in the oxidation of the acetyl-CoA via the TCA cycle, so Vitamin B12 can also be given, it can be given, it is useful in the metabolism of propionate as it enters the TCA cycle.

Nicotinic acid or nicotinamide can be given at the dose rate of 6 grams per OS daily for 10 weeks, it can be started 10 weeks after calving up to 10 weeks after calving.

Nicotinamide enzymes were reduced in mammary glands in ketotic animals.

Niacin can be given, it decreases the blood ketone levels and increases the blood glucose. Niacin is an anti-lipolytic agent, it can be supplemented two weeks prior to 12 weeks after parturition.

Chloral hydrate: Chloral hydrate will increase the breakdown of starch in the rumen, why we need to improve the breakdown of starch in the rumen is, by breaking down the starch propionate level can be increased which will improve the oxidation of the acetyl-CoA via the TCA cycle.

Chloral hydrate will improve the breakdown of starch in the rumen and influence the production of the propionate. The initial dose of 30 grams followed by 7 grams twice daily for several days can be given, one of the added advantages of giving this chloral hydrate is, that it has a sedative effect in the treatment of the Nervous form of ketosis. And,

Monensin: nowadays I mean most of the daily farm Monensin is used as a feed additive. so Monensin reduces the clinical and subclinical ketosis, the main thing is it decreases the acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen. As we all know the energy synthesize in the case of ruminants, ruminants will absorb the carbohydrates as hexose sugar for a very little quantity only, the remaining carbohydrates will be fermented in the rumen as acetate butyrate and propionate. By giving Monensin, we can decrease the acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen because of its effect on the rumen fermentation.

Increases the availability of the propionate as a glucose precursor, so that it helps to suppress the fat mobilization and ketone in turn ketone body formation can be decreased.

Supportive therapy: It is also a supportive therapy for reducing ketosis and the remaining supportive therapy includes rumen transfaunation, provision of a variety of palatable feed, and also exercise.

So, these are the line of treatment, that is used for treating the Bovine and Ovine Ketosis.

Control: How it can be controlled or it’s before or preventing the occurrence of Ketosis. How it can be controlled.

Preparation of next lactation; it should start or it should begin about 4 weeks prior to calving itself, the preparation for next lactation should start.

So silage, hay, or pasture should be given as a maintenance ration and

it should be supplemented with 1 kg per day concentrate and gradually it should be increased to 5 kg per day as the animal is approaching the calving time.

And the concentrate should be increased gradually as the production increases at the rate, so hay should be given at the rate of 3 kg per 100 kg body weight for maintenance and 1 kg of grain should be given for every 3 kg of milk production, so by this, we can prevent the formation of ketosis in the immediate postpartum period.

Another one is carbohydrates whatever we are supplying should be readily digestible, it can be in the form of like what they say is oats or maize should be crushed, which will make the carbohydrates more easily digestible,

and adequate amounts of cobalt, phosphorus, and iodine should also be given in order to prevent the nutritional deficiency thereby leading to secondary ketosis.

Prophylactic feeding of sodium propionate at the rate of 110 grams per day for six weeks from calving will also prevent the occurrence of ketosis.

Propylene glycol can be given at the rate of 356 ml per day for 10 days after calving, that is 6%, it should be 6% of the concentration for 8 weeks can be given in order to prevent the formation of ketosis in the immediate postpartum period.

Monensin, which is given as a growth stimulant at the rate of 25 milligrams per day in a grain feed mix will also prevent ketosis.

In the case of the Sheep, to prevent the Ovine ketosis, body condition scoring should be maintained at 2.5 to 3 at 90 days of gestation, whereas the last two months are important where we have to go for 70% of the lamb’s birth weight will be achieved in the last two months of the pregnancy, especially during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. So maintaining the animal during the last six weeks of pregnancy will prevent Ovine ketosis.

Concentrate should be given at the rate of 0.25 gram, that is kg per day increasing to 1 kg per day in the last 2 weeks period of gestation and avoid so one of the most important points in avoiding the Ovine ketosis is there should not be any sudden change in the feed, so sudden change in the feed the animal will not take the feed which will lead to any short period of inhabitants or if the animal is not taking feed, immediately the animal will go for Pregnancy Toxemia. To avoid sudden changes in the feed. and

Another most important point is providing shelter, which will protect the animal from the cold and inclement weather.

So, in lesson number five, we have seen the

• Treatment, what are all the lines of treatment for Bovine Ketosis and Ovine Ketosis and
• How can we go for the Management and Control in order to prevent Ketosis in the immediate postpartum period?

Thank you! for all of your kind attention and for your patience in listening to the class.