2 Types of Ketosis, Etiology of Bovine and Ovine Ketosis, Epidemiology of Bovine and Ovine Ketosis

Transcript

In the first class on Ketosis, we have seen the Definition of Ketosis, the Importance of Ketosis in dairy farming, and also the Etiology- How the ketone bodies are formed, and Why the Ketone bodies are formed. How subclinical ketosis is present? How does it become a Clinical Ketosis? Now in the second class, we will see about the Etiology, Epidemiology, and Different types of Ketosis of Bovine and Ovine Ketosis right. So here we have got five different types of Ketosis which are primary Ketosis, also called the production ketosis. This is the ketosis of most herds and it is also called the estate acetonemia.

Primary ketosis occurs in cows that are in very good condition or a very good body condition scoring and it has a high lactation potential so a greater proportion occurs, as a case of seeing in the case of primary ketosis, mostly there will be subclinical ketosis there is an increased concentration of circulating ketone bodies, but the animal will not show it clinically, so affected cattle will recover with the corrected feeding and ancillary treatment.

In the case of Secondary ketosis: secondary ketosis is mainly due to the presence of the other diseases, metabolic disorders, or any diseases that are present in the immediate postpartum period, which will affect the feeding of the animal, which is causing anorexia, in such cases, the secondary ketosis will develop. This may be due to Traumatic reticulitis, Herd with a higher incidence of fluorosis, and other diseases in the postpartum period like Mastitis, Metritis, and Abomasal Displacements. Other than this once the animal is going to go for calving in the immediate postpartum period, there will be a decrease in the immunity of the animal, which is making the animal be prone to other disorders or other diseases, that will cause an increase in the Secondary ketosis.

Alimentary Ketosis: This is mainly due to as I told you in the case of Type 3 ketosis, feeding the high butyrate silage. It is commonly subclinical in nature and it predisposes the development of the production of primary ketosis.

Starvation Ketosis: see ketosis will not only occur in animals that are well fed or over-conditioned body, it will also be formed in the animals that are starved or undernourished. okay, So cattle with poor body conditions and also that are fed with poor quality diet or poor quality feedstuffs and the animals that are deficient in propionate and protein from the diet. So if the starch, as I told you propionate is formed from the fermentation of the starch in the rumen, if the starch quality is not good or if it is below the quality, so what happens is the propionate formation will be affected, which in turn is going to cause the ketosis.

And limited capacity of the gluconeogenesis from body reserves, see whenever the animal is not having sufficient energy or if the animal is in negative energy balance, what happens is the body reserves will be mobilized or whatever the body reserves are there that fat will be mobilized but in case of starved animal or if the body condition of the animal is thin or it is undernourished what happens is there will not be sufficient body fat to mobilize for ketogenesis so in such animals the Starvation ketosis is more common and the affected cattle will recover with corrected feeding. okay and

Another type of ketosis here is ketosis resulting from the Deficiency of specific nutrients, as I told you, see in the case of the TCA cycle- Cobalt and Vitamin B12, play a major role in the form of coenzyme for oxidation of the acetyl-CoA in the TCA cycle. Suppose if there is any deficiency of this vitamin B12 or Cobalt, this will end up in Ketosis, so reduction in the intake of total digestible nutrients and if there is any Phosphorus deficiency is there, any Cobalt deficiency is there or the failure of the animal to metabolize propionic acid so as I told so if there is any Cobalt deficiency of Vitamin B12 deficiency, there will be a failure of the metabolism of propionic acid in the TCA cycle, this will result in Ketosis.

So coming to in nutshell, what is the Etiology of Bovine Ketosis, we will see about the in nutshell about the etiology of Bovine ketosis and Ovine Ketosis.

Bovine ketosis: it is common in the case of heavily producing cows and ruminants are prone to this because very few carbohydrates are observed as such and it requires a direct supply of glucose is essential for tissue metabolism, particularly for the formation of lactose. So whatever the glucose is absorbed is very little, so the animal has to utilize the volatile fatty acids for energy production in the liver and it is also dependent upon the available glucose.

So ketosis is more common in the immediate postpartum period, so the period between calving and peak lactation has a demand for glucose and there will be an increased demand for glucose. Low blood glucose levels will lead to low blood insulin and so the long-chain fatty acids will be released from the body stores under the influence of low insulin, this insulin glucose ratio and also because of the presence of high somatotrophin, there will be ketogenesis. Etiology of Ovine ketosis so coming to:

Ovine Ketosis: see Bovine ketosis and Ovine ketosis is not similar. okay, I’ll tell you about the biochemical differences between Ovine Ketosis and Bovine Ketosis in the subsequent classes. Here in the case of Etiology of Ovine ketosis includes, if there is a decline in the plane of nutrition, especially during the last two weeks of pregnancy particularly when the animals are carrying twins or triplets and it will also be seen in the case of animals that are well fed in the early or in the mid[1]pregnancy. Biochemical differences and elevation of the plasma cortisol level and a significant hepatic dysfunction will be there.

Here we can divide it into :

• Primary pregnancy toxemia and
• Secondary pregnancy toxemia

Primary pregnancy toxemia is due to the fall in the plane of the nutrition, especially during the latter half of pregnancy and there will see if the animal is in a shorter period of fasting especially when the animal is subjected to the managemental procedures like shearing and drenching and other management of procedures, this will aggravate the deficiency leading to Ketosis in Ovine and another one is that is going to cause the Ovine Ketosis is an accustomed diet or cold inclement weather. In the case of Ovines, fat ewe pregnancy is mainly due to the overfat condition in late pregnancy, this is mainly because there will be a reduction in the rumen size due to the increase in the pressure from the fetus and the abdomen fat and

the second one is Starvation pregnancy ketosis, this is more common in the case of Ovines that are reared in an extensive grazing system. See in such a condition what happens whenever there is going to be a prolonged drought condition is there and if there is no alternate feed supplement or feed supply available then it will lead to Starvation Ovine Ketosis and secondary pregnancy toxemia, this is mainly because of the presence of other intercurrent diseases like foot rot, worm infestation, and other sporadic diseases.

So coming to Epidemiology: How Epidemiology will give you at what stage, at what postpartum period, the Clinical ketosis is more common, and at what parity the Clinical ketosis is more common than all these details will be given by Epidemiology. So Clinical ketosis will increase with parity, especially peaking at the fifth to sixth lactation and it is also important ketosis is more common in overfeeding, especially during the late lactation period. So definitely it will predispose the animal to ketosis in the next lactation. And the ketosis is more common during the first month of the lactation and less common in the second month and also it is common in diets that are less than 8% protein before calving or the diets that are having more protein that is more than 20% dry matter after calving and 30-40% of the cases is usually complicated by the concurrent diseases such as Metritis, TRP, Abomasal Displacement. As I told you, this will lead to Secondary Ketosis because the animal will not sufficiently take food because of the primary disease. So this will lead to anorexia and the patient will go for Secondary Ketosis another one is in the case I told the animals with Subclinical Ketosis will have a reproductive failure that is mainly because the animal will not show any Clinical signs, Subclinical Ketosis will not show any clinical signs, in such animals cystic ovarian condition increased, calving to first service period or increased calving to last service period, is more commonly same.

In the case of Pregnancy Toxemia: it is primarily a disease of the intensive farming system it occurs only in cases of easts that are in the last six weeks of pregnancy and it is usually during the last month of pregnancy is carrying twins or triplets are more prone for this disease and also the presence of other intercurrent diseases in late pregnancy will cause the Ovine Ketosis.

So in summary in the second class, we have seen something about :

• the remaining Etiology and
• also the Epidemiology.
• How and When the ketosis will occur both in the case of Ovine and also the Bovine Ketosis. And the
• remaining Pathophysiology
• Clinical findings and
• Treatment

we will see in the next subsequent classes.