1 Epidemiology of Bovine Mastitis
Transcript
Hello friends!
Welcome to the agMOOCs session on Bovine Mastitis. So, this session is divided into 5 lessons for ease.
In lesson one, we will deal with the Epidemiology of Bovine Mastitis and
In lesson two, we will deal with the Immune system and Pathogenesis of Mastitis
In lesson three, we will deal with the Clinical signs and Diagnosis of Mastitis
In lesson four, we will discuss the Treatment of Mastitis
In lesson five, we will deal with the Alternate Therapies, Prevention and Control of Mastitis
Now we will move on to lesson-1, which is Epidemiology of Mastitis
So in about Epidemiology of Mastitis, we will be seeing a brief;
- Introduction to the Mastitis
- Its social and economic impact on the disease,
- Prevalence and Incidence Mastitis and also
- the Risk factors and the Pathogens involved in the occurrence of Mastitis.
To have a brief Introduction the word Mastitis is derived from the Greek word that is ‘Mastose’ meaning breast, ‘it is’ is inflammation as it is, so there comes the word Mastitis. We started domesticating the cow 8300 years back for milk purposes and Mastitis has been recorded since then, so it is an older disease that is recorded ever.
Social and Economic Importance: yes, we are the highest producer of milk worldwide we have the largest population of buffalo and we have the second largest population of white cattle in the world. And even our babies are dependent on cow’s milk for their nourishment. So in that way Mastitis is very important as far as India is concerned and also that is the occurrence of repeat breeders, that is the reduction in conception is mainly due to the animals which are affected with Mastitis rather than any other disease, the antimicrobial residues which are in the treated milk and in the meat, so they can be consumed by the human being posing antimicrobial resistance in the human being or other drug-related problems in human being also.
Coming to the economic importance, it has not spared any of the countries the even the US is facing a loss of 2 billion dollars because of this Mastitis, whereas the UK is facing 4 billion dollars because of this Mastitis and as far as India is concerned according to a study in 2019, there was a loss of 8333 crores just because of this Mastitis and the world wide loss because of this Mastitis it was 35 billion dollars.
Coming to the Prevalence, it has not spared any country and as far as India is concerned, there is more than 18% of clinical Mastitis Prevalence and 43% of subclinical Mastitis Prevalence in India, West Bengal. Actually, in West Bengal there is more Prevalence, that is with 75% of subclinical Mastitis and the Andaman has the least that is 12% of subclinical Mastitis.
Moving to Risk Factors for Mastitis: Mastitis risk factors can be broadly classified due to Pathogen factors, Environmental factors, and Host factors.
So among these, the Host factor is the majority because the risk of Mastitis increases with the age and increases with the calving,
there is a particular period that is between 21 to 90 days of lactation,
the incidence or the risk of Mastitis is going to be high.
the Milking Interval: longer the milking interval, there is high the risk for Mastitis
the Milk Yield: normally we go for a selection of high yielders, with high milk flow but both these characters pose them for Mastitis
the dry period is the riskiest period for the development of Mastitis, during which the new intra memory infections could occur
then the other thing is Udder Confirmation, even before purchasing the animal we have to check for the Udder confirmation because the distance between the ground and the teat tip plays a major role in the development of Mastitis
Also, they should be placed uniformly you would have seen the ladder-type of the udder and if you see the shapes of the teat, there are many like cylindrical, pencil-shaped, conical shaped, they have their own merits and demerits. For example, a cone-shaped teat will be highly prone to Mastitis development if it is having a machine type of milking.
The other factors are previous inflammation of the teat, so any teat like this can lead to the occurrence of Mastitis and even the carryover of the previous infection to the next lactation can also pose a risk of Mastitis.
Even the presence of other diseases can also cause immune deficiency leading to the risk of Mastitis in those animals.
Coming to Pathogen Factors: it depends upon what type of pathogen is affecting, its virulence, its load, its properties like the ability for addition, its ability for biofilm formation, and even blind treatment without assessing or identifying the causative pathogen can also lead to antimicrobial resistance which also leads to the risk of Mastitis in those animals.
Coming to Environmental Factors: it starts with the dietary habit, what we are giving, deficiency of vitamin A and Selenium can also force the animals to the risk of Mastitis and the bedding type, what we use whether it is either wooden shreds or dried straws, they also can harbor organism and lead to the development of Mastitis.
You know that there are four types of milking: Stripping, Knuckling, Whole Hand Milking, and Whole Milking with stripping.
So among these Whole Hand Milking is suggested as the better one, which will cause the least damage to the teat. Normally small farmers do milk with their hands and on large farms, they use milking machines. Any faulty attachment of these machine knobs can lead to the occurrence of Mastitis and even if it is not cleaned well, it can transmit the disease from one animal to the other. Commonly the Bacterial causes are more and even among that worldwide. staphylococcus, streptococcus, E-coli, and mycoplasma Mastitis are the common ones.
Though they are common pathogens more than 250 strains have been identified or isolated in Mastitis milk.
Coming the Virus causes, virus either directly or indirectly they cause Mastitis. The causatives can be Herpes viral mammalitis or in cases of FMD or in cases of LSD.
The picture you are seeing is the Ulcerated wound, which is caused due to LSD. So apart from that Enzootic bovine leukosis and Bovine mammalitis immunodeficiency viruses can also cause Mastitis.
The Fungal causes commonly the Candida species, Aspergillosis, Trichophotons, and Penicillium can also cause Mastitis. The problem with the Fungal Mastitis is that if we are not diagnosing it properly and if you are straight away going for antibiotics, these antibiotics oxytetracycline and penicillin will be utilized for the nourishment which contains nitrogen.
So with this, we are concluding lesson-1,
so in lesson-1
we have seen a brief Introduction to Mastitis
we have seen the Prevalence and Incidence of Mastitis
we have seen the Risk factors for Mastitis
we have seen the Common Pathogens which cause Mastitis.
So in lesson-2, we will continue with the Immune System of Udder and Pathogenesis of Mastitis.
Thank you
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