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Transcript

Hello friends, in our last class we were discussing about the concept of leadership and various styles of leadership. And how a leader can make the changes in the process of bringing in the change and development. In today’s class we’ll be discussing about the concept and meaning of extension administration. Let us start with the concept of ‘management’. It is the process of exploiting what you have, that is the resources to achieve the desired goal. Management is a science which deals with the existing resources. And making use of the best possible resources that are available and achieving the desired goals.

So what is the resource that we are referring to. The first and foremost resource that we are referring to is the people themselves. We try to identify them as the human resources. And as we said in case of the discussion on the leadership. Every individual is endowed with a particular skill. And he has certain abilities. It is the responsibility of the manager to identify. And it is the responsibility of the individual to identify his own abilities and skills, and put them in to use. Then automatically you are managing the skill. So that is what is human resource management.

Then management of the money or the financial management, which is very very essential. As an individual we are aware of how important the finance is in individual management. As well as how he manages the resources that already he has. May be an individual who is having only 100 rupees with him, or another individual who is having 1000 rupees with him. And the needs of both are different and accordingly they are spending financial resources and they are making their lives better.

Then the next important resource is the time resource. Many times as an individual and as a professional, we don’t identify time as a resource. But the language of management says that ‘Time is Money’. It takes some time to understand what exactly is this statement means. How time can be money? That depends on your skills, abilities and how you can deliver the goods based on your skills  The moment you can understand your own skills. So then automatically you can understand time as a money. We most of the time, we are going to budget for the financial resources, what we have. Financial budgeting we does, but have you any time done the time budgeting. The 24 hours are equal for a successful professional as well as each and every individual. Somebody emerges as a successful individual because he managed his time, he considered time as a resource. And he budgeted that one and accordingly he worked and he got the success. And many of us who are not able to identify time as a resource, and we are not able to achieve the success in that direction.

Then the working procedures, that varies from organization to organization as per the rules and regulations, the needs, the objectives, desired goals and all those things. That is another important resource which sets the direction in which that we need to go ahead with. The energy of the individual at different levels. So what type of the inputs that he can give to his organization and accordingly the management is done. The materials or the inputs, it may be a tangible or intangible. So how are you making arrangement of these things and making exploitation of these things. And the equipments, utilization of that, management of that for ultimately achieving the organizational objectives. So these are some of the resources which are being managed under the concept of management.

Now coming to the literal meaning of the term administration. It has a Latin roots which is consisting of two words like Ad and Ministaire. So the management of affairs or looking after the people is the process of administration. So generally it is essentially the management process. But its level is something different. What is that level? Generally it takes at the top level management, which is known as administration. The exact differences that we will be discussing in the subsequent part of the discussion. So there are three types of administration that we come across. The private administration, purely managed by the individuals, independent of the public or the government agencies. The public administration taken up by public institutions or the government institutions. And the third one is the extension administration, solely meant for the purpose of development. So these are the three different types of administration that we come across.

So administration refers to the management functions of planning as well as control, which we come across under two levels of that is administrative management and operative management, and the examples of this that will be coming in further discussion. Coming to the nature of administration, it is universal in nature. Without that it is not possible to take up any of the developmental initiatives. Everywhere we can find the presence of this. Formulation of the strategies and goals and objectives. So that’s what at happened at the top level. And it is holistic in nature. It embraces all aspects of life. And ultimately to bring in the development in that particular sector. So that is why we call it as a holistic nature also. Then it is continuous and ongoing process. So may be, the issues change but the process remain same throughout the process of development. And it is goal oriented. To achieve an objective, so we are going to set the fundamental objectives.

Then specific objectives. Then we set the goals. And how to achieve that particular goal is the strategy developed by the administration. And it has social and human nature, because the unit of administration as well as management under this concept is an human being. And they are making use of that human being, which is the social animal that we say. And accordingly they take up the activities. And that is why we say that it is having the social and human nature. It is highly dynamic in nature because the unit under the administration is a human being, his mind is always active. And it is highly dynamic in nature and that is how the process of administration also become dynamic. It is innovative because it goes on accepting and accumulating the experiences. At every point of time develop itself as an innovative nature.

With this coming to the concept of administration, which is concerned with the laying down of corporate policy, obtaining finance, production and distribution. So this is what we said that at the top level the functions which are being carried out, essentially they are also processes of management, but the top level functions are being identified as the administrative functions. The management operates at the middle level, like concerned with the actual execution of the policies within the limits set by the administration. Whatever the decisions that were taken by the top level functionaries are being administered or implemented by the middle level professionals, to whom we call them as the managers.

Then coming to the organization which combines work in such a way that individuals, groups, they perform and provide the best possible application of available effort to achieve the objective set forth by the managers as well as the administrators. And the unit which does this thing we call it as an organization. Coming to the skills required by the managers as well as the administrators. So there are three different types of skills that we come across in an individual. The first one is the conceptual skills. So which deals with the policy issues. Then human resource skills, which deals with the managerial aspect. And the technical skills in practice, performance and delivering the goods. So these are the three different types of skills that we come across.

And what type of skills are needed by the managers and what type of skills are needed by the administrators. So let us look at them. So when we look into the role of a board of director, which is the policy making body or the top level management or the administrators that we can say. They need more of a conceptual skills, you can see the area here. And they need human resource skill also because their role is basically to manage the group of people, because there are huge number of people working under that administration, that board of directors. But they need very less of technical skills. Because for which we have a different professionals who can take up these activities with their technical skills. So that is how we have the highest space here.

Then the next level of administrators or the managers that we can say the Chief Executive Officers. They need comparatively lesser conceptual skills compared to the board of directors, and they need equal amount of the human resource skills. And they need more of the technical skills. Because they are now playing the role as an implementer. Whatever the problems that are being faced by the middle or the lower level of management. The people who are operating at the CEO level, they need to address upon that. So that is how they need comparatively more amount of technical skills.

Then coming to the middle level managers, who are the functional top of the organizations. So they need comparatively less amount of conceptual skills but equal amount of human resource skills. But more amount of the technical skills. And as we down towards the middle level as well as the first line supervisors, we need highest amount of technical skills. They have very less things to do with as far as the conceptual skills are considered, because we have a different level of functionary there to take up the activities. And the same thing with the middle level managers also. They don’t have much thing to be contributed for the conceptual skills. We cannot say that their role is nil, but they don’t have much thing to be contributed there because their role is envisaged in the form of the technical skills.

So these are the three different type of skills needed by different types of professionals. Coming to the concept of extension administration. It is basically the process through which the agriculture and allied departments can implement the development projects and programs, by performing managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. You take up any program, not only the agricultural development program. Any program for that matter, the basic processes remain same. We are trying to inculcate those functions of management, those processes of management, those skills of management into the extension functions. So that is how the concept of extension administration has been evolved. But the basic processes remain same.

So let us have understand the differences between the administration and the management. Looking at the nature, administration is basically the thinking function, but the management is dealing with the doing function. So this is what we have already observed as far as the technical skills, as well as the human resource skills and the conceptual skills are considered. The administration is taking up more of the thinking job, but the management is implementing that one. When we look at the scope it determines the broad objectives and the policies. But the management implements the plans set by the administrators. When we look at its level, the administration is the top level, the management is at the middle or the lower level. The skills needed we have already dealt in detail. The conceptual and human skills are very very essential for the administrators, the technical and human skills are essential for the managers.

The thing which is common for both administrators and managers is the human skills. Because both these units are dealing with the human resource. That needs to be given highest priority, because that is what is the unit which is responsible for giving you the desired outputs. When we look at the usage, the administrators mostly the government, military and educational institutions and the social organizations. But the management functions are being used by the business organizations or the corporate organizations.

With this we can conclude that. The concept divides the process of planning, implementation at different levels. One group working as an administrator and another group is working as the manager. One group plans the policies and another group implements the policies, and assigns the tasks and responsibilities to the professionals operating at various levels. That depends on their technical skills, the human resource skills and the conceptual skills and coordinates the activities of different units of an organization to achieve the ultimate objective.

With this we are coming to the end of today’s discussion and in the next class, we’ll be discussing about the principles and functions of administration.

Thank You.