1 Introduction to Abomasal Ulcers and Displacement

Transcript

Dear Vets,

Greetings to all!!

In this module, I am going to discuss Abomasal ulcers and displacement in cattle. The module has five lessons:

• In lesson one, we are going to discuss Abomasal ulcers up to Etiopathogenesis
• Lesson two includes clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of Abomasal ulcers
• lesson three covers left displacement Abomasum
• lesson four covers right displacement of Abomasum with valveless
• lesson five is going to cover Abomasal bloat and Abomasal impaction.

Dear vets, greetings to all.

Lesson 1: we are going to discuss the Abomasal ulcers;

Introduction

As we know the Abomasum is a true stomach of the ruminants, so all the digestion process is going to happen and any dysfunction of the Abomasum is leading to metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia. Here the glandular stomach of the ruminants is more vulnerable to any stress, so this stress is a major factor for the development of the Abomasal ulcers, apart from stress, so many other causes also attribute to this.

So first we will see the Anatomy of the Abomasum. The abomasum is lying in the cranial right quadrant. In the non-pregnant animal, it is positioned below the rumen, almost ventral to the abdomen, predominantly on the right side. So, in the case of pregnant animals, it will be pushed a little bit forward, so the pregnancy is going to influence any displacement, so that is a measure because it is a movable organ it is going to have a displacement very easily.

Etiology: Let us discuss Abomasal ulcers; the Abomasal ulcers are nothing but like a monogastric animal, there is gastritis, here above an Abomasitis is going to have. So, what is the reason behind the Abomasal ulcers are primary causes. primary etiology or primary ulceration is caused by Abomasal hyperacidity. So, stagnation of the hyperacidity will lead to damage. Then mechanical abrasions due to any straw which is escaping through the reticulo omasal orifice. Bacterial infections like Clostridium perfringes type A and fungus-like Aspergillus fumigatus and some of the Mucor spp species also be involved with the Abomasal ulcers. Concurrent deficiency of any minerals like copper deficiency, transport stress, calving, lactation stress altogether is making up Abomasal ulcers. These are the primary causes. Secondary ulcers are mainly because of the some of the diseases, like bovine viral diarrhea(BVD), Rinderpest, bovine malignant catarrha (BMC), and some of the cases, there may be a chance of getting reflux of bile into the abomasum, that will also damage the abomasal mucosa and Lymphosarcoma and in case of Theileriosis, it’s especially in case of blood protein disease, Theileriosis it is going to cause the punctuated ulcers in the abomasum, that is having a heavy bleeding animal is going to develop anemia.

Another more thing is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) indiscriminate use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs will lead to Abomasal ulcers.

Pathogenesis: The injury to the gastric mucosa will lead to diffusion of the hydrogen ion into the wall of the Abomasum, it is permitting the other pepsin to enter into the wall of the abomasum, which is causing the damage. So, ultimately there will be ulcers due to the hydrochloric acid. Now let us come to the Classification:

Classification of Abomasal ulcers; according to the severity we are going to classify type 1 to type 4.

• Type 1 it is non-perforating ulcers only the internal,
• Type 2 ulcers with severe blood loss,
• Type 3 perforating ulcers with local peritonitis,
• Type 4 perforating ulcer with diffuse peritonitis.

So let us discuss it one by one now.

Type 1 is a non-perforating ulcer, it is having an incomplete penetration, there is no involvement of the layer beyond the muscular layer, so there won’t be any bleeding.

Type 2 is ulcers with severe blood loss because the penetration of the blood vessels in the Abomasal wall also are involved and there are intra-luminal hemorrhages, there is a lot of accumulation of fluids in the Abomasum, it is leading to Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia.

Type 3 is a perforating ulcer with localized peritonitis, the entire wall is having an opening and the Abomasal content is discharged into the peritoneal cavities leading to peritonitis. It is confined only to a particular area that is called localized peritonitis.

Type 4 diffuse peritonitis, perforating ulcer in the abomasum, discharging the content of the peritoneal cavity, leading to diffuse peritonitis. It is more severe, and it is leading to the death of the animal.

In this lesson 1, we have discussed

• the Introduction of the Abomasum
• the location of the Abomasum- Anatomy
• Abomasal ulcers regarding etiopathogenesis
• types of ulcers

That is lesson 2, we are going to discuss

• the clinical signs,
• diagnosis, and
• the treatment of the Abomasal ulcers.

Thank You!!!