2 What Happens When Foreign Body Penetrates

Transcript

Hi! Welcome everyone,

So, the last module we have seen about

• What is Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis,
• Why there is the incidence of Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis more in cattle and buffalo,
• What is the Epidemiology,
• What are all the materials which are penetrating the cattle and buffalo?

so, what is the Pathophysiology of Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis and Pericarditis? So, we will see in this module, here once the foreign material, I told generally it used to travel Anterior ventral part and Anterior or Ventral part. So, this is the most common place where the foreign material is used to travel, so if it is traveled in an aberrant manner it is used to produce various types of diseases, particularly starting from a splenic abscess to a liver abscess to Pleuropneumonia and even it may cause a sudden death also.

So, if you leave all those things, what is happening, if it travels into the Anterior-ventral region particularly when it penetrates the peritoneum and pericardium what happens in these animals, this is what we are going to see in this module. See once the foreign material is used to penetrate so here immediately produces an inflammatory reaction, this inflammatory reaction that it happens within 24 hours. So immediately there will be an establishment of Foci be created. so, this inflammatory Foci are used to reduce the Rumino[1]reticular motility and if the Rumino-reticular motility is gets reduced naturally, it is used to produce bloat and all other sequences.

So, before that, if the foreign material gets lodged in the Oesophagus, so there will be vomit. So, there is the development of acute peritonitis, particularly in acute cases where the penetration occurs just immediately, so this acute peritonitis occurs within 24 hours, particularly if the penetration stands a long time or if the material is so strong or if it is lengthier if it is if the material is like having large diameter this used to produce chronic peritonitis.

Then because of the penetration, there are Four Outcomes in animals:

1. Acute peritonitis,
2. Chronic local peritonitis,
3. Diffuse peritonitis, and
4. Sudden death.

So, we will see them one by one:

(Showing pictures in the slide) If you see this picture; when there is the penetration of the foreign material, see generally the foreign material lies in the reticulum, I told the foreign material is generally used to travel either anteriorly or in the Ventral regions, so if it travels in the Ventral region or the Anterior region, then there is the development of inflammatory foci. So, this inflammatory foci, develop here and create Acute local peritonitis. And if the inflammatory foci are so large inflammatory focus, gets disturbed sometimes or if the infection seepage is there everywhere, particularly in the peritoneum, then it creates Diffuse peritonitis. So, the entire peritoneum gets inflamed here, if you see this picture in this module there will be a development of entire Diffuse peritonitis.

And in Acute local peritonitis, so generally this occurs within 24 hours and there is the development of ruminal atony and abdominal pain will be there and if you see here there will be a development of adhesions, generally, it used to produce adhesions immediately whatever the material penetrates inflammatory foci develop and this inflammatory foci it used to create adhesions so once adhesions are developed, sometimes the foreign material is used to move back or the once the adhesions develop so this inflammation is segregated there itself and sometimes or slowly it will be corroded away. so, if it knots sometimes if the foreign material comes back so the animal generally recovers. So here once the recovery is there or the foreign material comes back, the motility gets restored, adjacent they generally disappear within six months of the period. So sometimes there is the development of reticular abscess here, so that is the complication in Acute peritonitis.

Then Chronic local peritonitis: as I told when the foreign material is if it penetrates or persists over a period then there is the development of Chronic local peritonitis. So chronic local peritonitis generally there will be an adhesion formation, this adhesion formation gets broken when the animal moves or when the animal plays, or when the animal rubs, jump when these adhesions break and there is reduced Reticulo-rumen motility. So, because of the adhesion formation the intestinal motility and there will be a reduction in the Reticulo-rumen motility. See I told you there is the adhesion formation, and this persists over some time from this, or the bacterial colonies are entering the systemic circulation and they dispersed the entire body. So, when they dispersed it to the entire body used to reach the different localities of the heart is used to produce Endocarditis, when it reaches joints, it is used to produce arthritis, and when it reaches the kidney it is used to produce nephritis, and sometimes it used to produce lung abscess also.

And Diffuse peritonitis; this Diffuse peritonitis is generally because by the accumulation of fibrous material or purulent material because of the long-standing inflammation or breakage of the fibrinous adhesions and there is severe mental depression occurs in this diffuse peritonitis. See here there is the development of three things;

1. Toxemia,
2. Alimentary tract stasis,
3. Severe dehydration and Shock

And sudden death; so, if you see here what all the reasons for Sudden death are: So

• Perforation of the coronary artery, so when there is perforation of the coronary artery occurs there is the development of Cardiac tamponade and
• Cardiac tamponade is used to produce compliance failure in the heart and because of the compliance failure the animal dies immediately this is number one,
• There is a rupture of the left gastroepiploic artery or else reticular vein, so when these two both reticular veins are left gastroepiploic artery gets ruptured, there is profuse bleeding because of the profuse bleeding the animal dies.

Cardiac System:

There is simple penetration doesn’t mean that the animal will get Pericarditis it never happens, so generally when the foreign body travels it used to take some of the bacterial colonies also or bacterial foci also. These foci enter into the Pericardium and then are used to produce Pericarditis, majority of the time there will be a development of Toxemia and there is an accumulation of fluid.

So, there are three types of Pericarditis develops in animals:

1. Fibrinous pericarditis
2. Effusive pericarditis
3. Constrictive pericarditis

So, because of the development of fibrinous pericarditis, there is constriction used to happen in and around the heart. So, this is Constrictive pericarditis.

What happens in Effusive pericarditis: In Effusive pericarditis, there is a large accumulation of fluid particularly protein-rich fluid is getting accumulated in the pericardium, so Effusive pericarditis produces compliance failure in animals.

Development of congestive heart failure is more common, so this is number one, Number two when the animal develops fibrinous pericarditis, the fibrinous material gets accumulated in the opposite that is the posterior part where the foreign body penetrates in the posterior part the fibrinous material gets accumulated in the pericardium and there is a development of fibrinous adhesions with the myocardium and pericardium. So, this inhibits the Myocardial contractions this is number two.

Number three because of the fibrinous development, there is constriction used to develop this. There is constriction over the Myocardium and is used the fibrinous material used to contract the Myocardium this is used to produce constrictive failure, constrictive pericarditis, and finally, there is a development of cardiac tamponade and death.

So, this is the Differential diagnosis for Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis and Pericarditis

• Abomasal impaction and Volvulus, there is impacted Abomasal material, and you can very easily diagnose it by using the Ultrasound or some other method or by using your hand by Rectal examination, Impacted abomasum can be palpated, and it can be diagnosed
• Perforated Abomasal ulcers, these are grade four Abomasal ulcers, so if you see there will be severe abdominal pain. number one so here because of the perforation there is the development of Diffuse peritonitis. So here you need to differentiate this Diffuse peritonitis is due to an abomasal ulcer or because of Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis. so, this mimics Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis many times, so because this is a grade four Abomasal ulcer, generally it used to produce severe Abomasum, severe abdominal pain and tucked up abdomen all those things and there will be black terry feces which is more common in abomasal ulcers and
• Acute pleuritis, so you know that this is generally because of the penetration of the foreign body in the lung parenchyma. so if you leave these things primary pleuritis they mimic has a Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis and
• Lymphosarcoma: Lymphosarcoma again there is the development of lymphadenopathy in lymphosarcomas, but generally that won’t happen in Traumatic Reticulo-peritonitis.

In this module we have seen there are four things that happen when there is a foreign body penetrates the peritoneum, so there is a development of Acute peritonitis, Chronic local peritonitis, and Diffuse peritonitis, Sudden death. so, this is what happens when the foreign body penetrates in and around the peritoneum.

When there is development when the foreign body penetrates the pericardium, so there is a development of three types of pericarditis:

• Effusive pericarditis
• Fibrinous pericarditis
• Constitutive pericarditis

This is what happens in the Pericardium when the foreign body penetrates the pericardium.

Thank you!